Toll-like receptors

The TLR family is the best characterized of the PRRs. They recognize a variety of PAMPs from bacteria (LPS, flagellin, CpG DNA), viruses (ssRNA, dsRNA) and fungi. There are three common pathways involved in TLR signaling: the MyD88-dependent, the alternative MyD88 and the TRIF-dependent pathways. Upon activation by PAMPs, all TLRs except TLR3 activate MyD88-dependent pathways to distinctly activate NF-KB, c-Jun and the subsequent inflammatory responses. Upon activation by viral RNA, TLR7/8 and TLR9 initiate an alternate MyD88 pathway to induce interferon expression and an antiviral response. The TRIF-dependent pathway is restricted to TLR3 and TLR4-TRAM signaling which mediates T cell stimulation.

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